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<title>First Party System</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">First Party System</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party system</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox ib-election infobox-table vevent" style="width:202px"><caption class="infobox-title summary">First Party System</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr>

</tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">

</table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div>United States vice presidential election (1792) and presidential election (1796–1816) results. <span style="color:green;">Green</span> shaded states usually voted for the Democratic-Republican Party, while <span style="color:orange;">orange</span> shaded states usually voted for the Federalist Party or Federalist affiliated candidates.</div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>First Party System</b> was the <a href="Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political party system</a> in the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> between roughly 1792 and 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the <a href="Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>, created largely by <a href="Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, and the rival Jeffersonian <a href="Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>, formed by <a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, usually called at the time the Republican Party (which is distinct from the modern <a href="Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>).

</p><p>The Federalists were dominant until 1800, while the Republicans were dominant after 1800. Both parties originated in national politics, but soon expanded their efforts to gain supporters and voters in every state. The Federalists, successors to the <a href="Pro-Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Administration">Pro-Administration</a> faction that favored Washington's policies, appealed to the business community and had their base in the North, while the Republicans, like the <a href="Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration</a> faction before them, relied on the planters and farmers within their base in the South and non-coastal North. By 1796, politics in every state was nearly monopolized by the two parties, with party newspapers and caucuses becoming effective tools to mobilize voters.

</p><p>The Federalists promoted the financial system of Treasury Secretary Hamilton, which emphasized federal assumption of state debts, a tariff to pay off those debts, a national bank to facilitate financing, and encouragement of banking and manufacturing. The Republicans, based in the plantation South, opposed strong executive power, were hostile to a standing army and navy, demanded a strict reading of the Constitutional powers of the federal government, and strongly opposed the Hamilton financial program. Perhaps even more important was foreign policy, where the Federalists favored Britain because of its political stability and its close ties to American trade, while the Republicans admired France and the French Revolution. Jefferson was especially fearful that British aristocratic influences would undermine <a href="Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a>. Britain and France were at war from 1793 to 1815, with only one brief interruption. Official American policy was neutrality, with the Federalists hostile to France, and the Republicans hostile to Britain. The <a href="Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> of 1794 marked the decisive mobilization of the two parties and their supporters in every state. President <a href="George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, while officially nonpartisan, generally supported the Federalists and that party made Washington their iconic hero.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The First Party System ended during the <a href="Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> (1816–1824), as the Federalists shrank to a few isolated strongholds and the Democratic-Republicans lost unity. In 1824–28, as the <a href="Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a> emerged, the Democratic-Republican Party split into the <a href="Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jacksonian</a> faction, which became the modern <a href="History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a> in the 1830s, and the <a href="Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> faction, which was absorbed by Clay's <a href="Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federalists_versus_Anti-Federalists_in_1787–88">Federalists versus Anti-Federalists in 1787–88</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></div>

<p>Leading nationalists, <a href="George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, <a href="Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and <a href="Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> (see <i><a href="Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a></i>), called the <a href="Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> in 1787. It drew up a new constitution that was submitted to state ratification conventions for approval, with the old <a href="Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> also approving the process. <a href="James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> was the most prominent figure in the Constitutional Convention; he is often referred to as "the father of the Constitution".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>An intense debate on ratification pitted the "<a href="Federalism_in_the_United_States#Early_federalism" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalists</a>", who supported the Constitution and were led by Madison and Hamilton, against the "<a href="Anti-Federalists" title="Anti-Federalists">Anti-Federalists</a>", who opposed the new Constitution. The Federalists won and the Constitution was ratified. The Anti-Federalists were deeply concerned about the theoretical danger of a strong central government (like that of Britain) that someday could usurp the rights of the states.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anti-Federalist argument influenced the drafting and eventual passage of the <a href="United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which the Federalists agreed to add to the Constitution.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Washington_administration_(1789–1797)">Washington administration (1789–1797)</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Presidency_of_George_Washington#Rise_of_political_parties" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency of George Washington § Rise of political parties</a></div>

<p>At first, there were no parties in the nation. The framers of the Constitution did not want or expect political parties to emerge because they considered them divisive.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during the presidency of George Washington, factions soon formed around dominant personalities such as <a href="Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, the Secretary of the Treasury, and <a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, the Secretary of State, who opposed Hamilton's broad vision of a powerful federal government. Jefferson especially objected to Hamilton's flexible view of the Constitution, which stretched to include a national bank. Jefferson was joined by Madison in opposing the Washington administration, leading the "<a href="Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a>"; Hamilton led the informal political faction known as the "Pro-Administration party". Washington was re-elected without opposition in 1792.

</p><p>Hamilton built a national network of supporters that emerged about 1792–93 as the <a href="Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>. This was a somewhat different coalition from the previous Federalist group, consisting of supporters of the Constitution in 1787–1788 as well as entirely new elements, and even a few former opponents of the Constitution (such as <a href="Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a>). In response, Jefferson and Madison built a rival network of supporters in Congress and in the states. Madison, who largely authored the Constitution, was a Federalist in 1787–1788, but he opposed the program of the Hamiltonians and their new Federalist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group led by Jefferson and Madison emerged in 1792–93 as the <a href="Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>, which included many former Anti-Federalists.

</p><p>The elections of 1792 were the first contested on anything resembling a partisan basis. In most states, the congressional elections were recognized in some sense, as Jefferson strategist <a href="John_J._Beckley" title="John J. Beckley">John Beckley</a> put it, as a "struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest". In New York, the race for governor was organized along these lines. The candidates were <a href="John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>, who was a Hamiltonian, and incumbent <a href="George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a>, who was allied with Jefferson and the Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1793, the first <a href="Democratic-Republican_Societies" title="Democratic-Republican Societies">Democratic-Republican Societies</a> were formed. They supported the <a href="French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, which had just seen the execution of <a href="Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">King Louis XVI</a>, and generally supported the Jeffersonian cause. The word "democrat" was proposed by <a href="Edmond-Charles_Gen%C3%AAt" title="Edmond-Charles Genêt">Citizen Genêt</a> for the societies, and the Federalists ridiculed Jefferson's friends as "democrats". After Washington denounced the societies as unrepublican, they mostly faded away.

</p><p>In 1793, <a href="War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">war broke out</a> between England, France, and their European allies. The Jeffersonians favored France and pointed to the 1778 treaty that was still in effect. Washington and his unanimous cabinet (including Jefferson) decided the treaty did not bind the U.S. to enter the war; instead Washington proclaimed neutrality.

</p><p>When war threatened with Britain in 1794, Washington sent <a href="John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> to negotiate the <a href="Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> with Britain; it was signed in late 1794, and ratified in 1795. It averted a possible war and settled many (but not all) of the outstanding issues between the U.S. and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jeffersonians vehemently denounced the treaty, saying it threatened to undermine republicanism by giving the aristocratic British and their Federalist allies too much influence.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fierce debates over the Jay Treaty in 1794–96, according to William Nisbet Chambers, nationalized politics and turned a faction in Congress into a nationwide party. To fight the treaty the Jeffersonians "established coordination in activity between leaders at the capital, and leaders, actives and popular followings in the states, counties and towns".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1796 Jefferson challenged <a href="John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> for the presidency and lost. The <a href="United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> made the decision, and it was largely chosen by the state legislatures, many of which were not chosen on a national party basis.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newspapers_as_party_weapons">Newspapers as party weapons</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">History of American newspapers</a></div>

<p>Newspapers flourished in the new republic. Already by 1796, both parties sponsored national networks of locally owned papers which attracted partisan subscribers. By 1800, there were 234 being published once or twice a week, and the first dailies appeared. Between 1790 and 1820 over 400 new papers were started. Many soon merged or closed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationalism was a high priority, and the editors fostered an intellectual nationalism typified by the Federalist effort to stimulate a national literary culture through their clubs and publications in New York and Philadelphia, and by <a href="Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Noah Webster</a>'s efforts to Americanize the language inherited from England.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Newspaper content focused largely on attacks or defense of the new federal government, as well as on state and local politics. Editors directed much abuse toward opposition politicians—the fatal duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr was incited by their own personal newspaper attacks on each other.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The most important newspapers of the 1790s-1800s were closely read by other editors and copied from. They would be read aloud and commented upon in coffee houses and taverns.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Key party newspapers include:

</p>

<ul><li><i><a href="Gazette_of_the_United_States" title="Gazette of the United States">Gazette of the United States</a></i> in Philadelphia. It was the leading Federalist newspaper, founded in 1789 and edited by <a href="John_Fenno" title="John Fenno">John Fenno</a>. It was a militant mouthpiece for the Federalist party and the Washington administration.</li>

<li><i><a href="National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i> in Philadelphia. This was the leading Republican newspaper, founded in 1791 and edited by <a href="Philip_Freneau" title="Philip Freneau">Philip Freneau</a>. It was a fierce critic of the Federalists and of Washington himself. Leading Republicans contributed articles, often pseudonymously, including Madison and Jefferson. Washington was often annoyed, grousing to friends about "that Rascal Freneau.".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Columbian_Centinel" title="Columbian Centinel">Columbian Centinel</a>.</i> This was a prominent Federalist newspaper published in Boston, edited by <a href="Benjamin_Russell_(journalist)" title="Benjamin Russell (journalist)">Benjamin Russell</a>. It was one of the most influential papers in New England, and its material was widely reprinted.</li>

<li><i><a href="National_Intelligencer" title="National Intelligencer">National Intelligencer</a></i> of Washington D.C. was the leading Republican newspaper in the South. For decades it was a major source of Congressional news.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Editors of the First Party System traded barbs both nasty and humorous. An example is this <a href="Acrostic" title="Acrostic">acrostic</a> from a Republican paper. The clue is looking at the first letters of all the lines:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem">

<p>A sk—who lies here beneath this monument?<br>

L o—'tis a self created MONSTER, who<br>

E mbraced all vice. His arrogance was like<br>

X erxes, who flogg'd the disobedient sea,<br>

A dultery his smallest crime; when he<br>

N obility affected. This privilege<br>

D ecreed by Monarchs, was to that annext.<br>

E nticing and entic'd to ev'ry <i>fraud</i>,<br>

R enounced virtue, liberty and God.<br>

<br>

H aunted by whores—he haunted them in turn<br>

A ristocratic was this noble <i>Goat</i><br>

M onster of monsters, in pollution skill'd<br>

I mmers'd in mischief, brothels, funds & banks<br>

L ewd slave to lust,—afforded consolation;<br>

T o mourning whores, and tory-lamentation.<br>

O utdid all fools, tainted with royal name;<br>

N one but fools, their wickedness proclaim.

</p>

</div></blockquote>

<p>The most heated rhetoric came in debates over the French Revolution, especially during the <a href="Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> of 1793–94, which saw huge numbers of executions of the revolutionary government's political opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_strength_in_Congress">Party strength in Congress</h2></div>

<p>Historians have used statistical techniques to estimate the party breakdown in Congress. Many Congressmen were hard to classify in the first few years, but after 1796 there was less uncertainty. The first parties were anti-federalist and federalist.

</p>

<caption>Federalist and Democratic-Republican strength in Congress by election year<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</caption>

<th>House

</th>

<th>1788

</th>

<th>1790

</th>

<th>1792

</th>

<th>1794

</th>

<th>1796

</th>

<th>1798

</th>

<th>1800

</th>

<th>1802

</th>

<th>1804

</th>

<th>1806

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Federalist

</th>

<td>37

</td>

<td>39

</td>

<td>51

</td>

<td>47

</td>

<td>57

</td>

<td>60

</td>

<td>38

</td>

<td>39

</td>

<td>25

</td>

<td>24

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Democratic-Republican

</th>

<td>28

</td>

<td>30

</td>

<td>54

</td>

<td>59

</td>

<td>49

</td>

<td>46

</td>

<td>65

</td>

<td>103

</td>

<td>116

</td>

<td>118

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Democratic-Republican

</th>

<td>43%

</td>

<td>43%

</td>

<td>51%

</td>

<td>56%

</td>

<td>46%

</td>

<td>43%

</td>

<td>63%

</td>

<td>73%

</td>

<td>82%

</td>

<td>83%

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Senate

</th>

<th>1788

</th>

<th>1790

</th>

<th>1792

</th>

<th>1794

</th>

<th>1796

</th>

<th>1798

</th>

<th>1800

</th>

<th>1802

</th>

<th>1804

</th>

<th>1806

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Federalist

</th>

<td>18

</td>

<td>16

</td>

<td>16

</td>

<td>21

</td>

<td>22

</td>

<td>22

</td>

<td>15

</td>

<td>9

</td>

<td>7

</td>

<td>6

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Democratic-Republican

</th>

<td>8

</td>

<td>13

</td>

<td>14

</td>

<td>11

</td>

<td>10

</td>

<td>10

</td>

<td>17

</td>

<td>25

</td>

<td>27

</td>

<td>28

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Democratic-Republican

</th>

<td>31%

</td>

<td>45%

</td>

<td>47%

</td>

<td>34%

</td>

<td>31%

</td>

<td>31%

</td>

<td>53%

</td>

<td>74%

</td>

<td>79%

</td>

<td>82%

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventing_campaign_techniques">Inventing campaign techniques</h2></div>

<p>Given the power of the Federalists, the Democratic Republicans had to work harder to win. In <a href="Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> in 1806 the state leadership sent town leaders instructions for the forthcoming elections; every town manager was told by state leaders "to appoint a district manager in each district or section of his town, obtaining from each an assurance that he will faithfully do his duty". Then the town manager was instructed to compile lists and total up the number of taxpayers, the number of eligible voters, how many were "decided democratic republicans", "decided federalists", or "doubtful", and finally to count the number of supporters who were not currently eligible to vote but who might qualify (by age or taxes) at the next election. The returns eventually went to the state manager, who issued directions to laggard towns to get all the eligibles to town meetings, help the young men qualify to vote, to nominate a full ticket for local elections, and to print and distribute the party ticket. (The <a href="Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> did not appear for a century.)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This highly coordinated "get-out-the-vote" drive would be familiar to modern political campaigners, but was the first of its kind in world history.

</p><p>The Jeffersonians invented many campaign techniques that the Federalists later adopted and that became standard American practice. They were especially effective at building a network of <a href="History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a> in major cities to broadcast their statements and editorialize in their favor. But the Federalists, with a strong base among merchants, controlled more newspapers: in 1796 the Federalist papers outnumbered the Democratic Republicans by 4 to 1. Every year more papers began publishing; in 1800 the Federalists still had a 2 to 1 numerical advantage. Most papers, on each side, were weeklies with a circulation of 300 to 1000.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson systematically subsidized the editors. <a href="Fisher_Ames" title="Fisher Ames">Fisher Ames</a>, a leading Federalist, who used the term "<a href="Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobin</a>" to link Jefferson's followers to the <a href="Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">terrorists</a> of the French Revolution, blamed the newspapers for electing Jefferson, seeing them as "an overmatch for any Government ... The Jacobins owe their triumph to the unceasing use of this engine; not so much to skill in use of it as by repetition."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians echo Ames' assessment. As one explains,

</p>

<blockquote><p>It was the good fortune of the Republicans to have within their ranks a number of highly gifted political manipulators and propagandists. Some of them had the ability ... to not only see and analyze the problem at hand but to present it in a succinct fashion; in short, to fabricate the apt phrase, to coin the compelling slogan and appeal to the electorate on any given issue in language it could understand.</p></blockquote>

<p>Outstanding phrasemakers included editor <a href="William_Duane_(journalist)" title="William Duane (journalist)">William Duane</a>, party leaders <a href="Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> and <a href="Thomas_Cooper_(American_politician%2C_born_1759)" title="Thomas Cooper (American politician, born 1759)">Thomas Cooper</a>, and Jefferson himself.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="John_J._Beckley" title="John J. Beckley">John J. Beckley</a> of Pennsylvania, an ardent partisan, invented new campaign techniques (such as mass distribution of pamphlets and of handwritten ballots) that generated the grass-roots support and unprecedented levels of voter turnout for the Jeffersonians.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_threats_with_Britain_and_France">War threats with Britain and France</h2></div>

<p>With the world thrown into global warfare after 1793, the small nation on the fringe of the European system could barely remain neutral. The Jeffersonians called for strong measures against Britain, and even for another war. The Federalists tried to avert war by the <a href="Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> (1795) with England. The treaty became highly controversial when the Jeffersonians denounced it as a sell-out to Britain, even as the Federalists said it avoided war, reduced the Indian threat, created good trade relations with the world's foremost economic power, and ended lingering disputes from the Revolutionary War. When Jefferson came to power in 1801 he honored the treaty, but new disputes with Britain led to the <a href="War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1798 disputes with France led to the <a href="Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> (1798–1800), an undeclared naval war involving the navies and merchant ships of both countries. Democratic-Republicans said France really wanted peace, but the <a href="XYZ_Affair" title="XYZ Affair">XYZ Affair</a> undercut their position. Warning that full-scale war with France was imminent, Hamilton and his "High Federalist" allies forced the issue by getting Congressional approval to raise a large new army (which Hamilton controlled), replete with officers' commissions (which he bestowed on his partisans). The <a href="Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a> (1798) clamped down on dissenters, including pro-Jefferson editors, and Vermont Congressman <a href="Matthew_Lyon" title="Matthew Lyon">Matthew Lyon</a>, who won re-election while in jail in 1798. In the <a href="Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a> (1798), secretly drafted by Madison and Jefferson, the legislatures of the two states challenged the power of the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_debt">National debt</h3></div>

<p>Jefferson and <a href="Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> focused on the danger that the public debt, unless it was paid off, would be a threat to republican values. They were appalled that Hamilton was increasing the national debt and using it to solidify his Federalist base. Gallatin was the Republican Party's chief expert on fiscal issues and as Treasury Secretary under Jefferson and Madison worked hard to lower taxes and lower the debt, while at the same time paying cash for the Louisiana Purchase and funding the War of 1812. Burrows says of Gallatin:

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His own fears of personal dependency and his small-shopkeeper's sense of integrity, both reinforced by a strain of radical republican thought that originated in England a century earlier, convinced him that public debts were a nursery of multiple public evils—corruption, legislative impotence, executive tyranny, social inequality, financial speculation, and personal indolence. Not only was it necessary to extinguish the existing debt as rapidly as possible, he argued, but Congress would have to ensure against the accumulation of future debts by more diligently supervising government expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Andrew Jackson saw the national debt as a "national curse" and he took special pride in paying off the entire national debt in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jefferson_and_the_revolution_of_1800">Jefferson and the revolution of 1800</h2></div>

<p>In an analysis of the contemporary party system, Jefferson wrote on February 12, 1798:

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Two political Sects have arisen within the U. S. the one believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support; the other that like the analogous branch in the English Government, it is already too strong for the republican parts of the Constitution; and therefore in equivocal cases they incline to the legislative powers: the former of these are called federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes <a href="Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a>, after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition: the latter are styled republicans, <a href="Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whigs</a>, <a href="Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">jacobins</a>, <a href="Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchists</a>, dis-organizers, etc. these terms are in familiar use with most persons.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Madison worked diligently to form party lines inside the Congress and build coalitions with sympathetic political factions in each state. <a href="1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">In 1800, a critical election</a> galvanized the electorate, sweeping the Federalists out of power, and electing Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party. Adams made a few last minute, "midnight appointments", notably Federalist <a href="John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> as Chief Justice. Marshall held the post for three decades and used it to federalize the Constitution, much to Jefferson's dismay.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As president, Jefferson worked to cleanse the government of Adams's "midnight appointments", withholding the commissions of 25 of 42 appointed judges and removing army officers. The sense that the nation needed two rival parties to balance each other had not been fully accepted by either party; Hamilton had viewed Jefferson's election as the failure of the Federalist experiment. The rhetoric of the day was cataclysmic — election of the opposition meant the enemy would ruin the nation. Jefferson's foreign policy was not exactly pro-Napoleon, but it applied pressure on Britain to stop impressment of American sailors and other hostile acts. By engineering an <a href="Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">embargo</a> of trade against Britain, Jefferson and Madison plunged the nation into economic depression, ruined much of the business of Federalist New England, and finally precipitated the <a href="War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> with a much larger and more powerful foe.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Federalists vigorously criticized the government, and gained strength in the industrial Northeast. However, they committed a major blunder in 1814. That year the semi-secret "<a href="Hartford_Convention" title="Hartford Convention">Hartford Convention</a>" passed resolutions that verged on secession; their publication ruined the Federalist party. It had been limping along for years, with strength in New England and scattered eastern states but practically no strength in the West. While Federalists helped invent or develop numerous campaign techniques (such as the first national nominating conventions in 1808<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), their elitist bias alienated the middle class, thus allowing the Jeffersonians to claim they represented the true spirit of "republicanism".<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_2009_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_parties">State parties</h2></div>

<p>Because of the importance of foreign policy (decided by the national government), of the sale of national lands, and the patronage controlled by the President, the factions in each state realigned themselves in parallel with the Federalists and Republicans. Some newspaper editors became powerful politicians, such as <a href="Thomas_Ritchie_(journalist)" title="Thomas Ritchie (journalist)">Thomas Ritchie</a>, whose "Richmond Junto" controlled Virginia state politics from 1808 into the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>New England was always the stronghold of the Federalist party. One historian explains how well organized it was in Connecticut:

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was only necessary to perfect the working methods of the organized body of office-holders who made up the nucleus of the party. There were the state officers, the assistants, and a large majority of the Assembly. In every county there was a sheriff with his deputies. All of the state, county, and town judges were potential and generally active workers. Every town had several justices of the peace, school directors and, in Federalist towns, all the town officers who were ready to carry on the party's work ... Militia officers, state's attorneys, lawyers, professors and schoolteachers were in the van of this "conscript army". In all, about a thousand or eleven hundred dependent officer-holders were described as the inner ring which could always be depended upon for their own and enough more votes within their control to decide an election. This was the Federalist machine.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>Religious tensions polarized Connecticut, as the established Congregational Church, in alliance with the Federalists, tried to maintain its grip on power. Dissenting groups moved toward the Jeffersonians. The failure of the <a href="Hartford_Convention" title="Hartford Convention">Hartford Convention</a> in 1814 mortally wounded the Federalists, who were finally upended by the Democratic-Republicans in 1817.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Era_of_Good_Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</h2></div>

<p>The First Party System was primarily built around foreign policy issues that vanished with the defeat of Napoleon and the compromise settlement of the <a href="War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Furthermore, the fears that Federalists were plotting to reintroduce aristocracy dissipated. Thus an "<a href="Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a>" under <a href="James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> replaced the high-tension politics of the First Party System about 1816. Personal politics and factional disputes were occasionally still hotly debated, but Americans no longer thought of themselves in terms of political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Historians have debated the exact ending of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most concluded it petered out by 1820. The little state of Delaware, largely isolated from the larger political forces controlling the nation, saw the First Party System continue well into the 1820s, with the Federalists occasionally winning some offices. Others consider the <a href="1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 United States presidential election</a> and the ensuing <a href="Corrupt_Bargain" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrupt Bargain">Corrupt Bargain</a> as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legitimacy_of_a_party_system">Legitimacy of a party system</h3></div>

<p>Alexander Hamilton felt that only by mobilizing its supporters on a daily basis in every state on many issues could support for the government be sustained through thick and thin. Newspapers were needed to communicate inside the party; patronage helped the party's leaders and made new friends.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Hamilton, and especially Washington, distrusted the idea of an opposition party, as shown in <a href="George_Washington's_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">George Washington's Farewell Address</a> of 1796. They thought opposition parties would only weaken the nation. By contrast Jefferson was the main force behind the creation and continuity of an opposition party.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He deeply felt the Federalists represented aristocratic forces hostile to true republicanism and the true will of the people, as he explained in a letter to Henry Lee in 1824:

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Men by their constitutions are naturally divided into two parties: 1. Those who fear and distrust the people, and wish to draw all powers from them into the hands of the higher classes. 2. Those who identify themselves with the people, have confidence in them, cherish and consider them as the most honest and safe, although not the most wise depositary of the public interests. In every country these two parties exist, and in every one where they are free to think, speak, and write, they will declare themselves. Call them, therefore, liberals and serviles, Jacobins and Ultras, whigs and tories, republicans and federalists, aristocrats and democrats, or by whatever name you please, they are the same parties still and pursue the same object. The last appellation of aristocrats and democrats is the true one expressing the essence of all.</p></blockquote>

<p>Hofstadter (1970) shows it took many years for the idea to take hold that having two parties is better than having one, or none. That transition was made possible by the successful passing of power in 1801 from one party to the other. Although Jefferson systematically identified Federalist army officers and officeholders, he was blocked from removing all of them by protests from Republicans. The <a href="Quids" class="mw-redirect" title="Quids">Quids</a> complained he did not go far enough.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jefferson_and_Hamilton">Jefferson and Hamilton</h3></div>

<p>Well into the 20th century Jefferson was the hero for scholars, and Hamilton the villain.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson's reputation has declined sharply, primarily because of his role as a major slaveowner.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton has risen; Princeton historian <a href="Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Sean Wilentz</a> in 2010 identified a scholarly trend very much in Hamilton's favor—although Wilentz himself dissented and still admires Jefferson more:

</p>

<blockquote><p>In recent years, Hamilton and his reputation have decidedly gained the initiative among scholars who portray him as the visionary architect of the modern liberal capitalist economy and of a dynamic federal government headed by an energetic executive. Jefferson and his allies, by contrast, have come across as naïve, dreamy idealists. At best according to many historians, the Jeffersonians were reactionary utopians who resisted the onrush of capitalist modernity in hopes of turning America into a yeoman farmers' arcadia. At worst, they were proslavery racists who wish to rid the West of Indians, expand the empire of slavery, and keep political power in local hands – all the better to expand the institution of slavery and protect slaveholders' rights to own human property."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<ul><li><a href="Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li>

<li><a href="Party_systems_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Party systems in the United States">Party systems in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_(1789%E2%80%931822)" title="List of United States House of Representatives elections (1789–1822)">List of United States House of Representatives elections (1789–1822)</a></li>

<li><a href="American_election_campaigns_in_the_19th_century" title="American election campaigns in the 19th century">American election campaigns in the 19th century</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931849)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1789–1849)">History of the United States (1789–1849)</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_history_in_the_United_States" title="Political history in the United States">Political history in the United States</a>, for historiography</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers, 1972</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Hackett Fischer, <i>The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy</i> (1965) p 116</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris <i>The Forging of the Union: 1781–1789</i> pp 267–97.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banner, <i>To the Hartford Convention</i> (1970); Wood (2009) pp. 216–17.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFCornell1999" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Saul (1999). <i>The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788-1828</i>. University of North Carolina Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>24. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0807847860</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Hofstadter, "A Constitution against Parties" in his <i>The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840</i> (1970) ch 2</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elkins and McKitrick, p. 288</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elkins and McKitrick, 405–12</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elkins and McKitrick, 417–8; Goodman (1964) 71–2.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers, <i>Political Parties</i> p. 80</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Luther Mott, <i>American Journalism: A History, 1690-1960</i> (3rd ed. 1962), pp.113–116</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey L. Pasley, <i>"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic</i> (2003)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eve Kornfeld, <i>Creating an American Culture, 1775–1800: A Brief History with Documents</i> (Palgrave Macmillan , 2001) pp. 1–26.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catherine O'Donnell Kaplan, <i>Men of Letters in the Early Republic: Cultivating Forms of Citizenship</i> 2008)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanne B. Freeman, "Dueling as Politics: Reinterpreting the Burr–Hamilton Duel." <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i> 53.2 (1996): 289-318 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2947402">online</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus Daniel, <i>Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy</i> (2009)</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Emery and Edwin Emery, <i>The press and America: An interpretative history of the mass media</i> (6th ed. 1988), pp.69–88.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Burns, <i>Infamous Scribblers: The Founding Fathers and the Rowdy Beginnings of American Journalism</i> (2007) p. 281.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Ames, "The National Intelligencer: Washington's Leading Political Newspaper" <i>Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C.</i>, vol. 66/68, (1966), pp. 71–83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40067248">online</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Independent Chronicle</i> (Boston), 16 October 1797 quoted in <cite id="CITEREFDonald_Henderson_Stewart1969" class="citation book cs1">Donald Henderson Stewart (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CrkXUA48P4C&pg=PA541"><i>The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 541. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780873950428</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatrice F. Hyslop, "The American Press and the French Revolution of 1789." <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i> 104.1 (1960): 54-85. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/985604">online</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth C. Martis, <i>The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789–1989</i> (1989); the numbers are estimates by historians.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noble E. Cunningham, Jr. <i>The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power: Party Operations 1801–1809</i> (1963) p 129</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, <i>Opposition Press</i>, p. 622</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunningham, 1957 p 167</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tinkcom 271</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>Federalist Era</i> pp 165–78</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>Federalist Era</i> pp 210–43</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin G. Burrows. "Gallatin, Albert" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/02/02-00135.html"><i>American National Biography Online</i> (2000) Accessed Dec 03 2013</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_V._Remini2008" class="citation book cs1">Robert V. Remini (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D8VbWdnrWmkC&pg=PA180"><i>Andrew Jackson</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 180. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780230614703</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">letter to John Wise in Francis N. Thorpe, ed "A Letter from Jefferson on the Political Parties, 1798," <i>American Historical Review</i> v.3#3 (April 1898) pp 488–89</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>Federalist Era</i>, pp. 251–77</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smelser, <i>Democratic Republic</i></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel E. Morison, "The First National Nominating Convention, 1808," <i>The American Historical Review,</i> Vol. 17, No. 4 (July 1912), pp. 744–763 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832458">in JSTOR</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman K. Risjord, <i>The Old Republicans: southern conservatism in the age of Jefferson</i> (1965) P. 179; Joseph H., Harrison, Jr., "Oligarchs and Democrats: The Richmond Junto," <i>Virginia Magazine of History</i> & Biography; 1970 78(2): 184–198,</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard J. Purcell, <i>Connecticut in Transition: 1775–1818</i> 1963. p. 190.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard P. McCormick, <i>The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era</i> (1966) ch 1</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skeen (1993), p. 77</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey L. Pasley. <i>"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic</i> (2003)</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Image of Jefferson</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis D. Cogliano, <i>Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy</i> (2006) pp 4-14.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean Wilentz, "Book Reviews," <i>Journal of American History</i> Sept, 2010 v. 97# 2 p 476</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div>

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</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">

<ul><li>Banning, Lance. <i>The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology</i> (1978) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeffersonianpers0000bann">online</a></li>

<li>Ben-Atar, Doron and Barbara B. Oberg, eds. <i>Federalists Reconsidered</i> (1999), topical essays by scholars</li>

<li>Beard, Charles A. <i>The Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy</i> (1915) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicoriginso0000char">online</a></li>

<li>Bowling, Kenneth R. and Donald R. Kennon, eds. <i>Perspectives on the History of Congress, 1789–1801.</i> (2000)</li>

<li>Brooke, John L. "The Early Republic, 1789–1815." in <i>The Oxford Handbook of American Political History</i> (Oxford University Press, USA, 2020). 45–61.</li>

<li>Brown, Roger H. <i>The Republic in Peril: 1812</i> (1964), stresses intense hostility between partisans <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicinperil10000brow">online</a></li>

<li>Brown, Stuart Gerry. <i>The First Republicans: Political Philosophy and Public Policy in the Party of Jefferson and Madison</i> (Syracuse UP, 1954) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstrepublicans00brow">online</a></li>

<li>Buel, Richard. <i>Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815</i> (1972)</li>

<li>Chambers, William Nisbet, ed. <i>The First Party System</i> (1972) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstpartysystem00cham">online</a></li>

<li>Chambers, William Nisbet. <i>Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776–1809</i> (1963), political science perspective <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalparties00cham">online</a></li>

<li>Charles, Joseph. <i>The Origins of the American Party System</i> (1956), reprints articles in <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i></li>

<li>Collier, Christopher. <i>Building a new nation : the Federalist era, 1789-1803</i> (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildingnewnatio0000coll">for middle schools</a></li>

<li>Cunningham, Noble E. Jr. <i>Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization: 1789–1801</i> (1957), highly detailed party history</li>

<li>Cunningham, Noble E. Jr. <i>The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power: Party Operations 1801–1809</i> (1963), highly detailed party history</li>

<li>Cunningham, Noble E. Jr. <i>The Process of Government Under Jefferson</i> (1978)</li>

<li>Dawson, Matthew Q. <i>Partisanship and the Birth of America's Second Party, 1796–1800: Stop the Wheels of Government.</i> Greenwood, (2000)</li>

<li>Dinkin, Robert J. <i>Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices.</i> (Greenwood 1989)</li>

<li>Dougherty, Keith L. "TRENDS: Creating Parties in Congress: The Emergence of a Social Network." <i>Political Research Quarterly</i> 73.4 (2020): 759–773. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Keith-Dougherty/publication/342499908_Creating_Parties_in_Congress_The_Emergence_of_a_Social_Network/links/6079ed11881fa114b409faef/Creating-Parties-in-Congress-The-Emergence-of-a-Social-Network.pdf">online</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanley_Elkins" title="Stanley Elkins">Elkins, Stanley</a> and Eric McKitrick. <i>The Age of Federalism</i> (1995) the standard highly detailed political history of the 1790s; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageoffederalism00elki">online free to borrow</a></li>

<li><a href="John_E._Ferling" title="John E. Ferling">Ferling, John</a>; <i>A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic.</i> Oxford University Press. (2003); survey</li>

<li>Finkelman, Paul, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of the New American Nation, 1754–1829</i> (2005), 1600 pp.</li>

<li><a href="David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">Fischer, David Hackett</a>. <i>The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy</i> (1965), shows that the upper class Federalists learned too late how to appeal to voters</li>

<li>Freeman, Joanne B. "The Election of 1800: A Study in the Logic of Political Change." <i>Yale Law Journal.</i> Volume: 108. Issue: 8. 1999. pp : 1959–1994.</li>

<li>Goodman, Paul. "The First American Party System" in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds. <i>The American Party Systems: Stages of Political Development</i> (1967), 56–89.</li>

<li>Hoadley, John F. "The Emergence of Political Parties in Congress, 1789–1803." <i>American Political Science Review</i> (1980) 74(3): 757–779. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1958156">in JSTOR</a> Looks at the agreement among members of Congress in their roll-call voting records. Multidimensional scaling shows the increased clustering of congressmen into two party blocs from 1789 to 1803, especially after the Jay Treaty debate; shows politics was moving away from sectionalism to organized parties.</li>

<li>Hofstadter, Richard. <i>The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840</i> (1970)</li>

<li>Kerber, Linda K. <i>Federalists in Dissent: Imagery and ideology in Jeffersonian America</i> (1970)</li>

<li>Lampi, Philip J. "The Federalist Party Resurgence, 1808–1816: Evidence from the New Nation Votes Database," <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> (Summer 2013) 33#2 pp. 255–281 | DOI: 10.1353/jer.2013.0029</li>

<li>Libby, O. G. "Political Factions in Washington's Administration," <i>NDQ: North Dakota Quarterly</i> (1913) vol 3#3 pp 293–318 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrA7AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA293">full text online</a>, looks at votes of each Congressman</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-jVl4dKjk3EC&q=Luetscher+Early">Luetscher, George D. <i>Early Political Machinery in the United States</i> (1903) online</a></li>

<li>Miller, John C. <i>The Federalist Era: 1789–1801</i> (1960), survey of political history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalistera17800mill">online</a></li>

<li>Pasley, Jeffrey L. et al. eds. <i>Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic</i> (2004), topical essays by scholars</li>

<li>Ratcliffe, Donald. "The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828," <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> (Summer 2013) 33#2 pp. 219–254 | DOI: 10.1353/jer.2013.0033</li>

<li>Schlesinger, Arthur Jr., ed. <i>History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2008</i> (2011) 3 vol and 11 vol editions; detailed analysis of each election, with primary documents; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%27%27History%20of%20American%20Presidential%20Elections%22%20schlesinger">online v. 1. 1789–1824 – v. 2. 1824–1844 – v. 3. 1848–1868 – v. 4. 1872–1888 – v. 5. 1892–1908 – v. 6. 1912–1924 – v. 7. 1928–1940 – v. 8. 1944–1956 – v. 9. 1960–1968 – v. 10. 1972–1984 – v. 11. 1988–2001</a></li>

<li>Selinger, Jeffrey S. "The French Revolutionary Wars and the Ordeal of America's First Party System." in <i>Embracing Dissent</i> (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2016) pp. 54–82.</li>

<li>Sharp, James Roger. <i>American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis</i> (1993), political narrative of the 1790s</li>

<li>Slez, Adam, and John Levi Martin. "Political Action and Party Formation in the United States Constitutional Convention," <i>American Sociological Review, </i> volume 72, Number 1, February 2007, pp. 42–67(26), says decisions in 1787 convention set up the outlines of the first party system</li>

<li>Smelser, Marshall. <i>The Democratic Republic, 1801–1815</i> (1968) (<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-06-131406-4</bdi>) survey of political and diplomatic history</li>

<li>Theriault, Sean M. "Party Politics during the Louisiana Purchase," <i>Social Science History</i> 2006 30(2):293–324; <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F01455532-30-2-293">10.1215/01455532-30-2-293</a></li>

<li>Wilentz, Sean. <i>The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln.</i> (2005), broad-scale interpretation of political history</li>

<li>Wiltse, Charles Maurice. <i>The Jeffersonian Tradition in American Democracy</i> (1935)</li>

<li>Wood, Gordon S. <i>Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815</i> (2009)</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3></div>

<ul><li>Banning, Lance. <i>The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic</i> (1995), to 1795;</li>

<li>Cunningham, Noble E. Jr., "John Beckley: An Early American Party Manager," <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i>, 13 (January 1956), 40–52, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1923388">in JSTOR</a></li>

<li>Cunningham, Noble E. <i>In pursuit of reason: the life of Thomas Jefferson</i> (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inpursuitofreaso0000cunn">online</a></li>

<li>Malone, Dumas. <i>Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty</i> v 3(<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-316-54469-8</bdi>); <i>Jefferson the President: First Term 1801 – 1805</i> vol 4 (<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-316-54480-9</bdi>); <i>Jefferson the President: Second term, 1805–1809</i> vol 5 (1948–70), the standard multivolume biography</li>

<li>Miller, John C. <i>Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox</i> (1959), full scale biography.</li>

<li>Schachner, Nathan. <i>Aaron Burr: A Biography</i> (1961), full scale biography.</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers_and_authors">Newspapers and authors</h3></div>

<ul><li>Bums, Eric. <i>Infamous Scribblers: The Founding Fathers and the Rowdy Beginnings of American Journalism</i> (PublicAffairs, 2006).</li>

<li>Durey, Michael. <i>With the Hammer of Truth James Thomson Callender and America's Early National Heroes</i> (U Press of Virginia, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/with-the-hammer-of-truth">online</a></li>

<li>Hale, Matthew Rainbow. "On their tiptoes: Political time and Newspapers during the Advent of the Radicalized French Revolution, circa 1792-1793." <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> 29.2 (2009): 191–218. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40208197">online</a></li>

<li>Humphrey, Carol Sue <i>The Press of the Young Republic, 1783–1833</i> (1996)</li>

<li>Jackson, Kelsie. "Such a tornado": The life and times of James Thomson Callender, scandalmonger" (PhD dissertation, U of Houston; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2013. 3574468)</li>

<li>Laracey, Mel. "The presidential newspaper as an engine of early American political development: The case of Thomas Jefferson and the election of 1800." <i>Rhetoric & Public Affairs</i> 11.1 (2008): 7-46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/26/article/240259/summary">excerpt</a></li>

<li>Knudson, Jerry W. <i>Jefferson and the Press: Crucible of Liberty</i> (2006) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist papers covered election of 1800; Thomas Paine; Louisiana Purchase; Hamilton–Burr duel; impeachment of Chase; and the embargo</li>

<li>Marcus, Daniel. "Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy" (2009)</li>

<li>Mott, Frank Luther. <i>Jefferson and the press</i> (LSU Press, 1943) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeffersonpress0000mott/page/n2/mode/thumb">online</a></li>

<li>Mott, Frank Luther. <i>A History of American Journalism</i> (1962) pp 113–214 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.5649">online 1950 edition</a></li>

<li>O'Donnell, Catherine. "Literature and Politics in the Early Republic: Views from the Bridge," <i>Journal of the Early Republic,</i> Summer 2010, Vol. 30#2 pp 279–292; looks at Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and John Adams in terms of gender studies, interdisciplinary studies, American identity, and the work of Jürgen Habermas, Gordon Wood and Bernard Bailyn.</li>

<li>Pasley, Jeffrey L. <i> 'The Tyranny of Printers': Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tyrannyofprinter00jeff">online</a></li>

<li>Pasley, Jeffrey L. "The Two National" Gazettes": Newspapers and the Embodiment of American Political Parties." <i>Early American Literature</i> 35.1 (2000): 51-86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25057179">online</a></li>

<li>Rollins, Richard. <i>The Long Journey of Noah Webster</i> (1980); Webster was an important Federalist editor.</li>

<li>Stagg, Allison M. <i>Prints of a New Kind: Political Caricature in The United States, 1789–1828</i> (Pennsylvania State University Press, 2023)</li>

<li>Stewart, Donald H. <i>The Opposition Press of the Federalist Era</i> (1968), highly detailed study of Republican newspapers</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_and_regional_studies">State and regional studies</h3></div>

<ul><li>Banner, James M. <i>To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815</i> (1970).</li>

<li>Bohmer, David A. "The Maryland Electorate and the Concept of a Party System in the Early National Period." in <i>The History of American Electoral Behavior</i> (Princeton University Press, 2015) pp. 146–173.</li>

<li>Broussard, James H. <i>The Southern Federalists: 1800–1816</i> (1978)</li>

<li>Dow, Jay K. "Rethinking the First Party Era: Middle Atlantic US House Elections, 1796–1824." <i>American Political Thought</i> 11.4 (2022): 525–549.</li>

<li>Formisano, Ronald. <i>The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s</i> (1983)</li>

<li>Fox, Dixon Ryan. <i>The decline of aristocracy in the politics of New York</i> (1919) shows the Federalists were too artistocratic to win elections <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwcOAQAAIAAJ">online edition</a></li>

<li>Goodman, Paul. <i>The Democratic-Republicans of Massachusetts: Politics in a Young Republic</i> (1964)</li>

<li>Leonard, Gerald. <i>The Invention of Party Politics: Federalism, Popular Sovereignty, and Constitutional Development in Jacksonian Illinois</i> (2002)</li>

<li>McCormick, Richard P. <i>The Second Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era</i> (1966) deals with the collapse of the First Party System, state by state</li>

<li>Prince, Carl E. <i>New Jersey's Jeffersonian Republicans: The Genesis of an Early Party Machine, 1789–1817</i> (1967)</li>

<li>Ridgway, Whitman H. "Community Leadership: Baltimore During the First and Second Party Systems." in <i>Politics and Government</i> (Routledge, 2020) pp. 70–84.</li>

<li>Risjord, Norman K. <i>The Old Republicans: Southern Conservatism in the Age of Jefferson</i> (1965)</li>

<li>Risjord; Norman K. <i>Chesapeake Politics, 1781–1800</i> (1978), covers Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina</li>

<li>Robertson, Andrew W. "Reconceptualizing Jeffersonian Democracy," <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> (Summer 2013) 33#2 pp 317–35; focus on historiography of turnout in states and localities.</li>

<li>Rohr, Benjamin. "Portraits of a Political World: The Structure of the First Party System in New York, 1777-1822{" (PhD dissertation, University of Chicago, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/4749/files/Rohr_uchicago_0330D_16414.pdf">online</a></li>

<li>Taylor, Alan. “’The Art of Hook and Snivey’: Political Culture in Upstate New York during the 1790s.” <i>Journal of American History</i> 1993. 79:1371–1396. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2080209">online</a></li>

<li>Tinkcom, Harry M. <i>The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania, 1790–1801: A Study in National Stimulus and Local Response</i> (1950)</li>

<li>Turner, Lynn Warren; <i>The Ninth State: New Hampshire's Formative Years.</i> (1983).</li>

<li>Wallace, Michael. "Changing Concepts of Party in the United States: New York, 1815-1828." <i>American Historical Review</i> 74.2 (1968): 453–491. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://personal.tcu.edu/gsmith/GraduateCourse/EarlyRepublicPDFs/MichaelWallace.pdf">online; also in JSTOR</a></li>

<li>Young, Alfred F. <i>The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797</i> (1967)</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div>

<ul><li>Cunningham, Noble E. Jr. ed. <i>The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809</i> (1965), short excerpts from primary sources</li>

<li>Cunningham, Noble E. Jr., ed. <i>Circular Letters of Congressmen to Their Constituents 1789–1829</i> (1978), 3 vol; political reports sent by Congressmen to local newspapers</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/pol-gl.htm">American Political History Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801072037/http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/pol-gl.htm">Archived</a> 2015-08-01 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> guide to WWW resources</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929130035/http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=560">"The First American Party System" lesson plan for grades 9–12</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070512222830/http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/index.html">A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787–1825</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Political_eras_of_the_United_States251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></span> <a href="Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Political eras of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Seventh_Party_System" title="Seventh Party System">Seventh Party System</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div>See also: <a href="Cyclical_theory_(United_States_history)" title="Cyclical theory (United States history)">Cyclical theory</a> · <a href="Political_realignment" title="Political realignment">Political realignment</a> · <a href="Psephology" title="Psephology">Psephology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federalist_Party378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Federalist_Party378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American School</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency of George Washington</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">Presidency of John Adams</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Federalist_Party#Presidential_elections" title="Federalist Party">Presidential<br>tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>: <a href="John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">T. Pinckney</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>: <a href="John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">C. Pinckney</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>: <a href="Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">C. Pinckney</a>/<a href="Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>: <a href="Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">C. Pinckney</a>/<a href="Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>: <a href="DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">Clinton</a>/<a href="Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>: <a href="Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a>/<a href="John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">Howard</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br>speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Frederick Muhlenberg</a> (1789–1791)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Jonathan_Trumbull_Jr." title="Jonathan Trumbull Jr.">Jonathan Trumbull Jr.</a> (1791–1793)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Jonathan_Dayton" title="Jonathan Dayton">Jonathan Dayton</a> (1795–1799)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Theodore Sedgwick</a> (1799–1801)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> (1794–1795)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1795–1800)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Charles Lee</a> (1800)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (1800–1801)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1817)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> (1789–1795)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Oliver Wolcott Jr.</a> (1795–1801)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Samuel Dexter</a> (1801)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> (1789–1795)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1795)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a> (1796–1800)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Samuel Dexter</a> (1800–1801)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> (1789–1794)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="William_Bradford_(Attorney_General)" title="William Bradford (Attorney General)">William Bradford</a> (1794–1795)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Charles Lee</a> (1795–1801)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1814–1817)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Benjamin_Stoddert" title="Benjamin Stoddert">Benjamin Stoddert</a> (1798–1801)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic-Republican_Party519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Democratic-Republican_Party519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Federalists" title="Anti-Federalists">Anti-Federalists</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency of Thomas Jefferson</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency of James Madison</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">Presidency of James Monroe</a></li>

<li><a href="Tertium_quids" title="Tertium quids">Tertium quids</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Democratic-Republican_Party#Presidential_elections" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Presidential<br>tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>: <a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li>

<li><a href="1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>: <a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li>

<li><a href="1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>: <a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">Clinton</a></li>

<li><a href="1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>: <a href="James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a>/<a href="George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">Clinton</a></li>

<li><a href="1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>: <a href="James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a>/<a href="Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li>

<li><a href="1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>: <a href="James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a>/<a href="Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li>

<li><a href="1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a>: <a href="James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a>/<a href="Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li>

<li><a href="1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>: <a href="John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li>

<li><a href="William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a>/<a href="Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br>speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Frederick Muhlenberg</a> (1793–1795)</li>

<li><a href="Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a> (1801–1807)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Joseph Bradley Varnum</a> (1807–1811)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1811–1814)</li>

<li><a href="Langdon_Cheves" title="Langdon Cheves">Langdon Cheves</a> (1814–1815)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1815–1820)</li>

<li><a href="John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">John W. Taylor</a> (1820–1821)</li>

<li><a href="Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Philip P. Barbour</a> (1821–1823)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1823–1825)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1790–1794)</li>

<li><a href="Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801)</li>

<li><a href="James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (1801–1809)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1809–1811)</li>

<li><a href="James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1811–1817)</li>

<li><a href="John_Graham_(diplomat)" title="John Graham (diplomat)">John Graham</a> (1817)</li>

<li><a href="John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> (1801–1814)</li>

<li><a href="George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">George W. Campbell</a> (1814)</li>

<li><a href="Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1814–1816)</li>

<li><a href="William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1816)</li>

<li><a href="William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1816–1825)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a> (1801–1809)</li>

<li><a href="William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a> (1809–1813)</li>

<li><a href="John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">John Armstrong Jr.</a> (1813–1814)</li>

<li><a href="James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1814–1815)</li>

<li><a href="Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1815)</li>

<li><a href="William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1815–1816)</li>

<li><a href="George_Graham_(soldier)" title="George Graham (soldier)">George Graham</a> (1816–1817)</li>

<li><a href="John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801–1805)</li>

<li><a href="John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a> (1805–1806)</li>

<li><a href="Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Caesar Augustus Rodney</a> (1807–1811)</li>

<li><a href="William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">William Pinkney</a> (1811–1814)</li>

<li><a href="William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">William Wirt</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1801–1809)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Paul Hamilton (politician)">Paul Hamilton</a> (1809–1813)</li>

<li><a href="William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1813–1814)</li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">Benjamin Williams Crowninshield</a> (1815–1818)</li>

<li><a href="Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Smith Thompson</a> (1819–1823)</li>

<li><a href="Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Samuel L. Southard</a> (1823–1825)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thomas_Jefferson1709" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thomas_Jefferson1709" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">3rd</a> <a href="President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1801–1809)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">2nd</a> <a href="Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1797–1801)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">1st</a> <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1790–1793)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">U.S. Minister to France</a> (1785–1789)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1783–1784)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">2nd</a> <a href="Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> (1779–1781)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1775–1776)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding<br>documents of<br>the United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="A_Summary_View_of_the_Rights_of_British_America" title="A Summary View of the Rights of British America">A Summary View of the Rights of British America</a></i> (1774)</li>

<li><a href="Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a> (1775)</li>

<li><a href="Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a> (1775)</li>

<li><a href="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (1776)

<ul><li><a href="Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">physical history</a></li>

<li>"<a href="All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Life%2C_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Consent_of_the_governed#In_the_United_States_of_America" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom</a> (1786)</li>

<li><a href="Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">Land Ordinance of 1784</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="French_Revolution#Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Co-author, <a href="Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> (1789)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a></li>

<li><a href="Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Liberty" title="Empire of Liberty">Empire of Liberty</a></li>

<li><a href="Dunbar_and_Hunter_Expedition" title="Dunbar and Hunter Expedition">Dunbar and Hunter Expedition</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_River_Expedition_(1806)" title="Red River Expedition (1806)">Red River Expedition</a></li>

<li><a href="Pike_Expedition" title="Pike Expedition">Pike Expedition</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Road#Cumberland_Road" title="National Road">Cumberland Road</a></li>

<li><a href="Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair"><i>Chesapeake</i>–<i>Leopard</i> affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-Intercourse_Act_(1809)" title="Non-Intercourse Act (1809)">Non-Intercourse Act</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Native American policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">Burr conspiracy</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_United_States_Military_Academy" title="History of the United States Military Academy">West Point Military Academy</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Speeches" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">State of the Union Addresses</a>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Administration" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Thomas Jefferson">Federal judicial appointments</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br>accomplishments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early_life_and_career_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Early life and career of Thomas Jefferson">Early life and career</a></li>

<li><a href="Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Founder, University of Virginia</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_University_of_Virginia" title="History of the University of Virginia">history</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Plan_for_Establishing_Uniformity_in_the_Coinage%2C_Weights%2C_and_Measures_of_the_United_States" title="Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States"><i>Coinage, Weights, and Measures</i> report</a> (1790)</li>

<li><a href="Ralph_J._Bunche_Library" title="Ralph J. Bunche Library">State Department Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a>

<ul><li><a href="Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Jefferson's_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">A Manual of Parliamentary Practice</a></i> (1801)</li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_disk" title="Jefferson disk">Jefferson disk</a></li>

<li><a href="Swivel_chair" title="Swivel chair">Swivel chair</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Megalonyx" title="Megalonyx">Megalonyx</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jeffersonian_architecture" title="Jeffersonian architecture">Jeffersonian<br>architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barboursville_(James_Barbour)" title="Barboursville (James Barbour)">Barboursville</a></li>

<li><a href="Farmington_(Albemarle_County%2C_Virginia)" title="Farmington (Albemarle County, Virginia)">Farmington</a></li>

<li><a href="Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gardens_of_Monticello" title="Gardens of Monticello">gardens</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Poplar_Forest" title="Poplar Forest">Poplar Forest</a></li>

<li><a href="University_of_Virginia#The_Grounds" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>

<ul><li><a href="The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia)" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia)">The Rotunda</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_Hall_(University_of_Virginia)" title="Jefferson Hall (University of Virginia)">Jefferson Hall</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a></li>

<li><a href="White_House" title="White House">White House Colonnades</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Papers_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="The Papers of Thomas Jefferson">The Papers of Thomas Jefferson</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a></i> (1785)</li>

<li><a href="Proposals_for_concerted_operation_among_the_powers_at_war_with_the_Pyratical_states_of_Barbary" title="Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary">Pyratical states of Barbary proposals</a> (1786)</li>

<li><a href="Memorandums_taken_on_a_journey_from_Paris_into_the_southern_parts_of_France_and_Northern_Italy%2C_in_the_year_1787" title="Memorandums taken on a journey from Paris into the southern parts of France and Northern Italy, in the year 1787">European journey memorandums</a> (1787)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Indian removal letters</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Jefferson_Bible" title="Jefferson Bible">The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth</a></i> (c. 1819)</li>

<li><a href="Massachusetts_Historical_Society#Collections" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Jefferson manuscript collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson#American_Philosophical_Society" title="Thomas Jefferson">American Philosophical Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Historical reputation</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_and_education" title="Thomas Jefferson and education">Jefferson and education</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_views_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Religious views of Thomas Jefferson">Religious views</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson and slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_Congress#History" title="Library of Congress">Jefferson and the Library of Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_Pier" title="Jefferson Pier">Jefferson Pier</a></li>

<li><a href="Dick_the_Mockingbird" title="Dick the Mockingbird">Pet mockingbird</a></li>

<li><i><a href="National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jefferson%E2%80%93Hemings_controversy" title="Jefferson–Hemings controversy">Jefferson–Hemings controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Betty_Hemings" title="Betty Hemings">Betty Hemings</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States#Jefferson,_Madison,_and_the_"wall_of_separation"" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadwell%2C_Virginia" title="Shadwell, Virginia">Shadwell plantation</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuckahoe_(plantation)" title="Tuckahoe (plantation)">Tuckahoe plantation</a></li>

<li><a href="Tufton_Farm" title="Tufton Farm">Tufton Farm</a></li>

<li><a href="Governor's_Palace_(Williamsburg%2C_Virginia)" title="Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)">Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Ward_republic" title="Ward republic">Ward republic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Presidential elections

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br><a href="List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bibliography_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson">Bibliography</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson's_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Birthday</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_River" title="Jefferson River">Jefferson River</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_Territory" title="Jefferson Territory">Jefferson Territory</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_Lecture" title="Jefferson Lecture">Jefferson Lecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Gateway_Arch_National_Park" title="Gateway Arch National Park">Jefferson National Expansion Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Place_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Place des États-Unis">Square Thomas Jefferson</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_Star_for_Foreign_Service" title="Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service">Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_statues_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of statues of Thomas Jefferson">Statues</a>

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_(Bitter)" title="Thomas Jefferson (Bitter)">Karl Bitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_Monument_(Louisville%2C_Kentucky)" title="Jefferson Monument (Louisville, Kentucky)">Louisville</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(University_of_Virginia)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (University of Virginia)">University of Virginia</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(David_d'Angers)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)">David d'Angers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_Literary_and_Debating_Society" title="Jefferson Literary and Debating Society">Jefferson Literary and Debating Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_Foundation" title="Thomas Jefferson Foundation">Thomas Jefferson Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_National_Accelerator_Facility" title="Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility">Jefferson Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="Monticello_Association" title="Monticello Association">Monticello Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_City%2C_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City, Missouri</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_%26_Jefferson_College" title="Washington & Jefferson College">Jefferson College</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">Washington and Jefferson National Forests</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_peaks_named_Mount_Jefferson" title="List of peaks named Mount Jefferson">Peaks and mountains</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_Rock" title="Jefferson Rock">Jefferson Rock</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">Other placenames</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson%E2%80%93Jackson_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson–Jackson Day">Jefferson–Jackson Day</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency depictions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jefferson_nickel" title="Jefferson nickel">Jefferson nickel</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_two-dollar_bill" title="United States two-dollar bill">Two-dollar bill</a></li>

<li><a href="Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_gold_dollar" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar">Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_250th_Anniversary_silver_dollar" title="Thomas Jefferson 250th Anniversary silver dollar">250th Anniversary silver dollar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cultural_depictions_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson">Cultural<br>depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Declaration_of_Independence_(film)" title="Declaration of Independence (film)">Declaration of Independence</a></i> (1938 film)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_Patriots_(play)" title="The Patriots (play)">The Patriots</a></i> (1946 play)</li>

<ul><li><a href="1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)">1969 musical</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Jefferson_in_Paris" title="Jefferson in Paris">Jefferson in Paris</a></i> (1995 film)</li>

<li><i><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_(film)" title="Thomas Jefferson (film)">Thomas Jefferson</a></i> (1997 film)</li>

<li><i><a href="John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">John Adams</a></i> (2008 miniseries)</li>

<li><i><a href="Jefferson's_Garden" title="Jefferson's Garden">Jefferson's Garden</a></i> (2015 play)</li>

<li><a href="Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)"><i>Hamilton</i></a> (2015 musical)</li>

<li><i><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_(miniseries)" title="Thomas Jefferson (miniseries)">Thomas Jefferson</a></i> (2025 miniseries)</li>

<li><a href="Hardy_Rodenstock" title="Hardy Rodenstock">Wine bottles controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_depictions_of_Sally_Hemings" title="Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings">Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Martha_Jefferson" title="Martha Jefferson">Martha Jefferson</a> (wife)</li>

<li><a href="Martha_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Martha Jefferson Randolph">Martha Jefferson Randolph</a> (daughter)</li>

<li><a href="Mary_Jefferson_Eppes" title="Mary Jefferson Eppes">Mary Jefferson Eppes</a> (daughter)</li>

<li><a href="Harriet_Hemings" title="Harriet Hemings">Harriet Hemings</a> (daughter)</li>

<li><a href="Madison_Hemings" title="Madison Hemings">Madison Hemings</a> (son)</li>

<li><a href="Eston_Hemings" title="Eston Hemings">Eston Hemings</a> (son)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Thomas Jefferson Randolph">Thomas J. Randolph</a> (grandson)</li>

<li><a href="George_W._Randolph" title="George W. Randolph">George W. Randolph</a> (grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Ellen_Randolph_Coolidge" title="Ellen Randolph Coolidge">Ellen Randolph Coolidge</a> (granddaughter)</li>

<li><a href="Cornelia_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Cornelia Jefferson Randolph">Cornelia Jefferson Randolph</a> (granddaughter)</li>

<li><a href="Francis_W._Eppes" title="Francis W. Eppes">Francis Eppes</a> (grandson)</li>

<li><a href="John_Wayles_Jefferson" title="John Wayles Jefferson">John Wayles Jefferson</a> (grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Sarah_N._Randolph" title="Sarah N. Randolph">Sarah N. Randolph</a> (great-granddaughter)</li>

<li><a href="T._Jefferson_Coolidge" title="T. Jefferson Coolidge">T. Jefferson Coolidge</a> (great-grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Frederick_Madison_Roberts" title="Frederick Madison Roberts">Frederick Madison Roberts</a> (great-grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Peter_Jefferson" title="Peter Jefferson">Peter Jefferson</a> (father)</li>

<li><a href="Jane_Randolph_Jefferson" title="Jane Randolph Jefferson">Jane Randolph Jefferson</a> (mother)</li>

<li><a href="Lucy_Jefferson_Lewis" title="Lucy Jefferson Lewis">Lucy Jefferson Lewis</a> (sister)</li>

<li><a href="Randolph_Jefferson" title="Randolph Jefferson">Randolph Jefferson</a> (brother)</li>

<li><a href="Peter_Carr_(Virginia_politician)" title="Peter Carr (Virginia politician)">Peter Carr</a> (nephew)</li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Carr_(politician)" title="Samuel Carr (politician)">Samuel Carr</a> (nephew)</li>

<li><a href="Dabney_Carr" title="Dabney Carr">Dabney Carr</a> (nephew)</li>

<li><a href="Dabney_S._Carr" title="Dabney S. Carr">Dabney S. Carr</a> (grand-nephew)</li>

<li><a href="Isham_Randolph_of_Dungeness" title="Isham Randolph of Dungeness">Isham Randolph</a> (grandfather)</li>

<li><a href="William_Randolph" title="William Randolph">William Randolph</a> (great-grandfather)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Soane" title="Henry Soane">Henry Soane</a> (2nd great-grandfather)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><a href="John_Adams" title="John Adams">← John Adams</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison →</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li>← John Adams</li>

<li><a href="Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr →</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="James_Madison1091" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="James_Madison1091" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">4th</a> <a href="President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1809–1817)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">5th</a> <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> (1801–1809)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> (1789–1797)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1781–1783)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> (1776–1779, 1784–1786)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution" title="James Madison as Father of the Constitution">"Father of the <br>Constitution"</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Virginia_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Constitution">Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">1786 Annapolis Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)#James_Madison's_blueprint" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">1787 Constitutional Convention</a>

<ul><li><a href="Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Constitution of the United States</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State">Department of Foreign Affairs</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i>

<ul><li>written by Madison</li>

<li><a href="Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a>

<ul><li><a href="Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27th amendment</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Constitution drafting and ratification timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">Tariff of 1789</a></li>

<li><a href="Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="First_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="First inauguration of James Madison">First inauguration</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="Second inauguration of James Madison">Second inauguration</a></li>

<li><a href="Tecumseh's_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">origins</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_letters" title="Henry letters">Henry letters</a></li>

<li><a href="Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">The Octagon House</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_Buildings" title="Seven Buildings">Seven Buildings residence</a></li>

<li><a href="Results_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Results of the War of 1812">results</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li>

<li><a href="Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="1810_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1810 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1810</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison#Administration_and_cabinet" title="James Madison">Cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Madison" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Madison">Federal judiciary appointments</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alexander_Wolcott_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Alexander Wolcott Supreme Court nomination">Supreme Court nomination of Alexander Wolcott</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Quincy_Adams_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="John Quincy Adams Supreme Court nomination">Supreme Court nomination of John Quincy Adams</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br>accomplisments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Whig%E2%80%93Cliosophic_Society" title="American Whig–Cliosophic Society">Co-founder, American Whig Society</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Washington's_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Co-author, George Washington's Farewell Address</a></li>

<li><a href="Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Supervised the Louisiana Purchase</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li>

<li><a href="Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a>

<ul><li><a href="Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_Congress#History" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Ralph_J._Bunche_Library" title="Ralph J. Bunche Library">Library of the State Department</a></li>

<li><a href="Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions</a></li>

<li><a href="Report_of_1800" title="Report of 1800">Report of 1800</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Pacificus-Helvidius_Debates" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacificus-Helvidius Debates">Pacificus-Helvidius Debates</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Papers_of_James_Madison" title="The Papers of James Madison">The Papers of James Madison</a></li>

<li><a href="Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_Madison#Early_life_and_career" title="James Madison">Early life and career</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_and_slavery" title="James Madison and slavery">James Madison and slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Belle_Grove_(Port_Conway%2C_Virginia)" title="Belle Grove (Port Conway, Virginia)">Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace</a></li>

<li><a href="Montpelier_(Orange%2C_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="1789_Virginia's_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election</a></li>

<li><a href="1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election, 1808</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br>popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bibliography_of_James_Madison" title="Bibliography of James Madison">Bibliography</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_memorials_to_James_Madison" title="List of memorials to James Madison">Memorials</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a>

<ul><li><a href="Statue_of_James_Madison" title="Statue of James Madison">statue</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_College" class="mw-redirect" title="James Madison College">James Madison College</a></li>

<li><a href="Madison%2C_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>

<ul><li><a href="James_Madison_Park" title="James Madison Park">James Madison Park</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Madison_Square_and_Madison_Square_Park" title="Madison Square and Madison Square Park">Madison Square</a>

<ul><li><a href="Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Madison_River" title="Madison River">Madison River</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Madison" title="Mount Madison">Mount Madison</a></li>

<li><a href="Madison_Street_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Madison Street (disambiguation)">Madison Street</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#James_Madison" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Memorial_Fellowship_Foundation" title="James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation">James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Freedom_of_Information_Award" title="James Madison Freedom of Information Award">James Madison Freedom of Information Award</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Award" title="James Madison Award">James Madison Award</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Institute" title="James Madison Institute">James Madison Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Museum" title="James Madison Museum">James Madison Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="USRC_James_Madison_(1807)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC James Madison (1807)">USRC <i>James Madison</i></a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Madison_(1812)" title="USS Madison (1812)">USS <i>Madison</i></a></li>

<li><a href="USS_James_Madison_(SSBN-627)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS James Madison (SSBN-627)">USS <i>James Madison</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="Magnificent_Doll" title="Magnificent Doll">Magnificent Doll</a></i> (1946 film)</li>

<li><a href="A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberty's_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 series)</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a></i> (<a href="Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">musical</a>, <a href="Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">film</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)"><i>Washington</i> (2020 miniseries)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a></li>

<li><a href="Madisonian_model" title="Madisonian model">Madisonian model</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cognitive_Madisonianism" title="Cognitive Madisonianism">Cognitive Madisonianism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li>

<li><a href="The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)"><i>The American Museum</i> magazine</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a> (wife)</li>

<li><a href="John_Payne_Todd" title="John Payne Todd">John Payne Todd</a> (stepson)</li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Sr." title="James Madison Sr.">James Madison Sr.</a> (father)</li>

<li><a href="Eleanor_Madison" title="Eleanor Madison">Eleanor Madison</a> (mother)</li>

<li><a href="William_Madison" title="William Madison">William Madison</a> (brother)</li>

<li><a href="Ambrose_Madison" title="Ambrose Madison">Ambrose Madison</a> (grandfather)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">← Thomas Jefferson</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe →</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:James Madison</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Adams1344" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="John_Adams1344" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">2nd</a> <a href="President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1797–1801)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">1st</a> <a href="Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1789–1797)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom</a> (1785–1788)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_Netherlands" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands">U.S. Minister to the Netherlands</a> (1782–1788)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1775–1778)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> (1774)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding of the<br>United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Braintree_Instructions" title="Braintree Instructions">Braintree Instructions (1765)</a></li>

<li><a href="Boston_Massacre#Trials" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Petition_to_the_King" title="Petition to the King">Petition to the King</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li>

<li><a href="Thoughts_on_Government" title="Thoughts on Government"><i>Thoughts on Government</i> (1776)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution (seconded)</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Adams#Independence" title="John Adams">Declaration of Independence</a>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence#May_15_preamble" title="United States Declaration of Independence">May 15 preamble</a></li>

<li><a href="Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(France%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (France–United States)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Board_of_War" title="Board of War">Board of War</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy#Secretaries_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775–1779</a>

<ul><li><a href="Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a>

<ul><li><a href="Conference_House" title="Conference House">Conference House</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Constitution_of_Massachusetts" title="Constitution of Massachusetts">Constitution of Massachusetts (1780)</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris, 1783</a></li>

<li><a href="Diplomacy_of_John_Adams" title="Diplomacy of John Adams">Diplomacy</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">United States presidential election 1788–1789</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">Presidency</a><br>(<a href="Timeline_of_the_John_Adams_presidency" title="Timeline of the John Adams presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Inauguration_of_John_Adams" title="Inauguration of John Adams">Inauguration</a></li>

<li><a href="Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi War with France</a>

<ul><li><a href="XYZ_Affair" title="XYZ Affair">XYZ Affair</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">United States Department of the Navy</a></li>

<li><a href="An_Act_further_to_protect_the_commerce_of_the_United_States" title="An Act further to protect the commerce of the United States">Commerce Protection Act</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a></li>

<li><a href="Convention_of_1800" title="Convention of 1800">Convention of 1800</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi Organic Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">Naturalization Act of 1798</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="An_Act_for_the_relief_of_sick_and_disabled_seamen" title="An Act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen">Sick and Disabled Seamen Relief Act</a>

<ul><li><a href="Marine_Hospital_Service" title="Marine Hospital Service">Marine Hospital Service</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bankruptcy_Act_of_1800" title="Bankruptcy Act of 1800">Bankruptcy Act of 1800</a></li>

<li><a href="Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Organic Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Slave_Trade_Act_of_1800" title="Slave Trade Act of 1800">Slave Trade Act of 1800</a></li>

<li><a href="District_of_Columbia_Organic_Act_of_1801" title="District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801">District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801</a></li>

<li><a href="Navy_Department_Library" title="Navy Department Library">Navy Department Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Tellico" title="Treaty of Tellico">Treaty of Tellico</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Tripoli" title="Treaty of Tripoli">Treaty of Tripoli</a></li>

<li><a href="Midnight_Judges_Act" title="Midnight Judges Act">Midnight Judges Act</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="1797_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1797 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1797</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidential_transition_of_Thomas_Jefferson" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson">Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Adams#Administration_and_cabinet" title="John Adams">Cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_Adams" title="List of federal judges appointed by John Adams">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Massachusetts_Historical_Society#Collections" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society holdings</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adams_Papers_Editorial_Project" title="Adams Papers Editorial Project">Adams Papers Editorial Project</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="A_Defence_of_the_Constitutions_of_Government_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America">A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Letters_of_Mrs._Adams%2C_the_Wife_of_John_Adams" title="Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams">Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Gray_v._Pitts" title="Gray v. Pitts">Gray v. Pitts</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br>homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_Adams#Early_life_and_education" title="John Adams">Early life and education</a></li>

<li><a href="Adams_National_Historical_Park" title="Adams National Historical Park">Adams National Historical Park</a>

<ul><li><a href="John_Adams_Birthplace" title="John Adams Birthplace">John Adams Birthplace</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Quincy_Adams_Birthplace" title="John Quincy Adams Birthplace">Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace</a></li>

<li><a href="Peacefield" title="Peacefield">Peacefield</a></li>

<li><a href="Adams_National_Historical_Park#Stone_Library" title="Adams National Historical Park">Stone Library</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Massachusetts_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)">Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University</a></li>

<li><a href="President's_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">Presidents House, Philadelphia</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li>

<li><a href="United_First_Parish_Church" title="United First Parish Church">United First Parish Church and gravesite</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bibliography_of_John_Adams" title="Bibliography of John Adams">Bibliography</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_memorials_to_John_Adams" title="List of memorials to John Adams">List of memorials</a></li>

<li><a href="Adams_Memorial" title="Adams Memorial">Adams Memorial</a> (proposed)</li>

<li><a href="John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">John Adams Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Suffolk_County_Courthouse" title="Suffolk County Courthouse">John Adams Courthouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_Memorial#Exterior" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial pediment</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_Adams" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a></i> (1783 painting)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Adams_(1799)" title="USS Adams (1799)">USS <i>Adams</i></a> (1799)</li>

<li><a href="USS_John_Adams_(1799)" title="USS John Adams (1799)">USS <i>John Adams</i></a> (1799)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Adams_(1874)" title="USS Adams (1874)">USS <i>Adams</i></a> (1874)</li>

<li><a href="USS_President_Adams" title="USS President Adams">USS <i>President Adams</i></a> (1941)</li>

<li><a href="USS_John_Adams_(SSBN-620)" title="USS John Adams (SSBN-620)">USS <i>John Adams</i></a> (1963)</li>

<li><a href="Adams_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Adams House (Harvard College)">Adams House at Harvard University</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Adams_(tree)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Adams (tree)">John Adams tree</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Adams_(New_Hampshire)" title="Mount Adams (New Hampshire)">Mount Adams (New Hampshire,</a> <a href="Mount_Adams_(Washington)" title="Mount Adams (Washington)">Washington)</a></li>

<li><a href="Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Declaration_of_Independence_(film)" title="Declaration of Independence (film)">Declaration of Independence</a></i> (1938 film)</li>

<li><a href="Profiles_in_Courage_(TV_series)" title="Profiles in Courage (TV series)"><i>Profiles in Courage</i> (1964 series)</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Primitive" title="American Primitive"><i>American Primitive</i> (1969 play)</a></li>

<li><a href="1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)"><i>1776</i> (1969 musical</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Adams_Chronicles" title="The Adams Chronicles"><i>The Adams Chronicles</i> (1976 miniseries)</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberty!" title="Liberty!"><i>Liberty!</i> (1997 documentary series)</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberty's_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 animated series)</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Adams_(book)" title="John Adams (book)"><i>John Adams</i> (2001 book</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">2008 miniseries)</a></li>

<li><a href="John_and_Abigail_Adams" title="John and Abigail Adams"><i>John and Abigail Adams</i> (2006 documentary film)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)"><i>Sons of Liberty</i> (2015 miniseries)</a></li>

<li><a href="Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Franklin</i> (2024 miniseries)</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Adams_and_Liberty" title="Adams and Liberty">"Adams and Liberty" campaign song</a></li>

<li><a href="Boston_Public_Library#Overview" title="Boston Public Library">Adams' personal library</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="Congress_Hall" title="Congress Hall">Congress Hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>

<ul><li><a href="Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li>

<li><a href="Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Gazette_of_the_United_States" title="Gazette of the United States">Gazette of the United States</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)">The American Museum</a></i></li>

<li><a href="American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li>

<li><a href="Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Adams_political_family" title="Adams political family">Adams political family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a>

<li><a href="Quincy_political_family" title="Quincy political family">Quincy political family</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Abigail_Adams_Smith" title="Abigail Adams Smith">Abigail Adams Smith</a> (daughter)</li>

<li><a href="John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">presidency</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Adams_(1770%E2%80%931800)" title="Charles Adams (1770–1800)">Charles Adams</a> (son)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Boylston_Adams_(judge)" title="Thomas Boylston Adams (judge)">Thomas Boylston Adams</a> (son)</li>

<li><a href="George_Washington_Adams" title="George Washington Adams">George Washington Adams</a> (grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles Francis Adams Sr.</a> (grandson)</li>

<li><a href="John_Adams_II" title="John Adams II">John Adams II</a> (grandson)</li>

<li><a href="John_Quincy_Adams_II" title="John Quincy Adams II">John Quincy Adams II</a> (great-grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a> (great-grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Brooks_Adams" title="Brooks Adams">Brooks Adams</a> (great-grandson)</li>

<li><a href="John_Adams_Sr." title="John Adams Sr.">John Adams Sr.</a> (father)</li>

<li><a href="Susanna_Boylston" title="Susanna Boylston">Susanna Boylston</a> (mother)</li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> (second cousin)</li>

<li><a href="Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams">Louisa Adams</a> (daughter-in-law, <a href="List_of_first_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of first ladies of the United States">first lady</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><a href="George_Washington" title="George Washington">← George Washington</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson →</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li>Thomas Jefferson →</li></ul>

<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=First_Party_System&oldid=1301638682">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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